Energy is the ability, force to bring a change. Energy can be in any form such as heat, light, sound and many other forms. This energy is the force which is essential for functioning of processes, systems. Energy in the universe has some laws known as the "Law of Thermodynamics", which are universal.

The zeroth law of thermodynamics is if two systems have equilibrium with a third system, they have equilibrium with each other. The first Law of Thermodynamics is; energy can only be changed from one form to another, it can neither be created nor destroyed. In essence, the total amount of energy in the universe remains same it only changes form. The second Law of Thermodynamics states; in exchange of energy if no energy enters or leaves the system; the potential energy of the system is less than the initial state. This phenomenon is called entropy. For example a watch driven by watch-spring runs until the potential energy of the spring is converted, and not again until energy is reapplied to rewind. Another example can be, in living beings potential energy is locked in carbohydrates to be converted to kinetic energy, which can be had again only after more input.

The third law of thermodynamics states the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature of a system approaches zero. Thermodynamics deals with macroscopic variables of system such as temperature, internal energy, entropy and pressure; the properties of material bodies and radiation, relation to each other and the laws which cause change with time. The system and surrounding of an ecosystem are separated by boundary; if the system is one or more molecules of gas in a container, the surrounding is the inner wall of the container itself. The only that needs to be clearly defined is boundary, which can separate the system and surrounding.

A system is said to be open one if it allows matter to pass through the boundary, otherwise it is closed. A closed system may also allow passage of material, unless it is an isolated one which does not allow matter or energy to pass through the system. As the name suggests, potential energy is for future use and kinetic energy is which is currently in use. Thermodynamics does not distinguish between potential and kinetic energy, and does not assume the existence of atoms and molecules. In thermodynamics, internal energy is the sum of all the kinetic energy, and potential energy which is represented by chemical bonds between atoms and any other intermolecular force which may be operative.

Each law of thermodynamics encompasses several principles, such as the first law of thermodynamics encompasses the principles of law of conservation of energy, concept of internal energy and its relationship to temperature, flow of heat is a form of transfer of energy, doing work is a form of energy transfer, and transfer of matter results in transfer of energy. The second law of thermodynamics points towards irreversibility of natural processes and its tendency to lead homogeneity. The third law of thermodynamics encompasses, if the temperature of a system is zero the system must be in a state with minimum thermal energy.

There is an amusing mnemonic attributed to laws of thermodynamics, which state if the second law of thermodynamics is not known means any work by Shakespeare is never read. The whimsical expression of the four laws of thermodynamics has been attributed to snow as a gambling metaphor; The zeroth law states- to play the game, the first law states- you can't win, the second law states- you can't break even and the third law states- you can't quit the game.

Technology has become inescapable in our everyday life, good or bad whether we may like or not there is no escape. It has changed the way we conduct ourselves, for better and for worse. One thing which has not so fast is internet, though processes and applications have changed considerably.

The technology behind telecommunication has grown leaps and bound; from the time this medium of communication was invented till date. The early technologies for telecommunication used visual signs such as beacons, smoke signals, and some more. Other means of pre-modern telecommunication were audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. The modern means of telecommunication which uses electrical and electromagnetic telecommunication are telegraph, telephone, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, communication satellite and internet.

The world's first effective two-way communication has grown from 281 petabytes of information in 1981 to 65 exabytes in 2007, which is informational equivalent to two newspaper pages per person in 1981 to six news paper pages per person in 2007. Seeing these numbers, telecommunication play an important role in world economy and global telecommunication industry brings in a big piece of revenue.

For an investor, telecommunication will be growing for the next many years. The transmission speeds, usage of data is sky-rocketing and the only problem will be to find ways to access that information. The trend is changing from using fixed line internet connections like DSL, to fast mobile connections for 4G and Wi-Fi. In modern times, most of the telecommunication happens through the internet and traditional means using cables such as in telephones, telegraphs is obsolete. The use of mobile phones, emails have taken up the market for fixed line phones, and telegraph service. Recently, in India the telegraphic service came to an end as a result of loss, from competition from modern electronic medium.

The use of smart phones, hand held computers and other hand held devices have brought a stir in telecommunications. The use of applications for such devices, to connect socially and for business has spurred its use. There is an explosion of data, because of the medium and use of electronics devices which is a concern.

The department of Electronics and telecommunication at MITAOE is one of the principle departments for academic move of students, facilitating students to specialize in the field of telecommunication. The curriculum is at par with industry needs, and imparts strong theoretical and practical knowledge in areas of Radio and Light wave communication including satellite, wireless and Optical communication systems etc. Know more about the courses offered at http://mitaoe.ac.in/index.php/b-e-electronics-telecommunication-engineering.html

The advent of cloud computing in the technology industry, has further spurred telecommunication. Cloud computing is all about accessing hardware, software from the cloud which is possible only through telecommunication medium. The Next-generation network (NGN) is a body which comprises of key architectural changes in telecommunication core and access network. The idea of NGN works on using one network, for transporting all kind of information and service be it; voice, data, or multimedia which are encapsulated into packets same as in Internet. NGNs are normally build around the Internet Protocol, and so sometimes the term All IP is used to direct information , which was formerly on telephone-centric network.

The NGN is the future of telecommunications, which offers key convergent multimedia services which uses a shared network characterized by several key elements. It is a share network architecture which comprises of three layers; Transport, Control and Services. It allows open and standardized interfaces between each layer, especially between the Control and Services layer o enable third parties to develop and create interfaces independent of network.

The advancement in robotics and cognitive science has raised expectation for emergence of robotic devices which can perform human functions; such as robot companion, elder care, health care etc. In spite of all the steady improvements in specific robot abilities and hardware, it has not been able to match with robot performance in real environments.

For any robotic device to function well, they should have robustness and single purpose design. Simple robotic devices such as robots for cleaning, or cutting grass have been met with growing commercial success. At the same time, sophisticated robotic devices such as Care-O-Bot 3 have not been that successful commercially, hardware and software complexity is the distinguishing factor.

Advanced robotic systems are systems of systems, which are build by integrating a heterogeneous body of resources such as; robotics, cognitive, computational and algorithms. The different resources are needed for the overwhelming different situations; an advanced robot is needed for execution of such situations. Even with the expended effort, advanced robots are not being able to perform the desired functions. The quality of service means, the set of system level properties which a robotic system should exhibit to properly operate in an open environment.

As vital function of advanced robotic system are software dependent, and software dominance is growing mastering software complexity is needed. The approach to tailor software programming for the needs of robotic systems is seen as decisive towards significant progress in system integration for advanced robotic systems.

Any robotic system is rarely made from scratch; it is typically partitioned according to a variety of technological areas such as mechanics, sensors and actuators, control and algorithm, computational infrastructure and software systems. The success of complex engineering systems, typically works on "divide and conquer" principle in order to reduce complexity. The successful markets for such systems usually come up with precise role assignments for participants and stakeholders which range from component developers, to system integrators to expert on domain knowledge of business and consultancy.

The software algorithms for robotics are typically embedded, concurrent, data intensive and must meet specific requirements, such as safety, reliability, and fault tolerance. For this reason software requirement of advanced robots, is that of avionics, telecommunications, factory automation and other large information systems. In this scenario, roles and responsibility are clearly separated to cope with system complexity.

The concerns in current scenario in robotics, is mainly due to lack of separation of areas. As a consequence of this, role assignments for robotic system is not there, such as component market, no distinction between component developers and system integrators and also no distinction between experts in robotics to domain application experts. This is major obstacle for moving towards developing a market for advanced robotic systems.

Separation of concerns remains one of the most fundamental principles in software engineering. It clearly identifies that a given problem involves different kinds of concerns, and to promote their identification and separation. Despite this common agreement of separation of concern, there is no well-established understanding of notion of concern. In principle, it should drive the right decomposition of knowing the pieces of the problem. The various stages of building systems are; Computation- which provides the functionality and can be implemented in different ways in hardware and software. Communication enables exchange of data between two or more entities. Configuration comprises of binding configurable parameters of individual entities. And Coordination is about finish of an activity which determines how the different activity should work together. This can also be used to provide and access any kind of content and to support application domain.

Though cloud computing has been there for decades, their presence not much felt and only contributed to a small fraction of industry revenue. But maybe now, the time has come the vast array of software and hardware services available as cloud have emerged. Cloud computing refers to both application delivered as services over the Internet, or the hardware and software available in data centres as services.

In the new trend, consumers and businesses have embraced a big range of cloud services, from mature sales force management services to email, photo editing to Smartphone applications and the entire social media networking phenomenon. Researchers are predicting, an imminent point of inflexion in adoption of these services by both small and large enterprises.

It is predicted cloud computing will be the foundation of the technology industry's growth in the next two decades; it is going to bring a complete transformation in the industry's core model and business offerings. Cloud services are finally being accepted, advancement in technology, high speed internet connections and the decreasing cost of storage has enabled service providers to meet consumer needs for simplicity, cost and flexibility.

The buzz around media is discussions of adopting cloud computing and enabling virtualizations. What is missing from these discussions, is analysis of network and management of these networks to support cloud computing. If vSwitches are deployed to manage these networks, it will make IT organizations manage thousands of Vswitches from multiple vendors. In addition to this, today's WAN can't effectively support dynamic movement of cloud bursting and most management tools and processes are focused on static rather than dynamic processes.

The speed with which cloud are forming and getting multiplied, strongly suggests will not only meet the computing needs of enterprise but will also form the digital platform for shaping strategy which will guide next generation of enterprises, for their participation and migration in such ecosystems. A cloud can be said to be a pool of virtualized computer resources which can; host a variety of workloads such as back end jobs and interactive, user-facing applications, enables workloads to be deployed quickly using virtual and physical machines, and supports redundant, self-recovering workloads to recover from unavoidable hardware, software failures. It enables monitor of resource in real time which enables rebalancing of allocations if needed.

"Cloud computing", as the name suggests is a concept where applications and files are hosted on a cloud, which consists of thousands of servers and computers, all connected and accessible through the Internet. Whatever work we may do, or applications we use are cloud based, not desk top based. The use of desk top for accessing programs, storing files will be minimized with the advantage of being able to access any time through the Internet.

For consumers, the proliferation of smart phones and hand held computers, cloud services has enabled tp provide application functionality for the user of those devices. The direct benefit to users has made cloud computing being adopted by users, has the potential to deliver simple, easy-to-use and high powered applications and information which would otherwise not be available to users.

Though gaining popularity, organizations are still facing issues with implementing cloud. The issues related to compliance, infrastructure and security needs to be addressed. The implementation and integration challenges need to be addressed and overcome, as it can threaten ROI and business benefits of cloud, particularly as adoption level increases to pull in more core and strategic applications and systems. As more and more data moves to cloud, more attacks will focus on cloud.

Metallic surfaces are vulnerable to corrosion when comes in to contact with air, water, salt or other industrial chemicals. Anti-corrosion are the measures taken to prevent such surfaces from corrosion from these environments. The effects of corrosion are evident on the surface, be it in the form of change of color, smoothness of the surface or any other exterior change.

Use of anti-corrosion coating on such surfaces may prevent from degradation to a considerable extent. These coatings are used to ensure, that the metal components have the longest possible lifespan. The coatings act as a barrier to inhibit contact between, chemical compounds such as air, water, etc. from corrosive surfaces. Some of the coating also works as a bonus for resistance against abrasions, non-stick performance and chemical protection.

Coating of metal components is needed in a number of environments; in industries after manufacture, during transportation when goods get rust, corroded; shipping or any other industry where goods are stored in adverse conditions for an extended period. Some coatings are specifically made for this purpose, which ensure delivery of goods to customer in good condition which was a concern for a long time.

Some of the anti-corrosion materials are; Stainless steel, Electro galvanized cold rolled steel which is a type of zinc coated steel used to protect electronic components, Special Enclosure design which are fully sealed enclosures to protect electronic equipment used in salty and damp places, Painting treatment on surfaces which is use of anti-corrosive paint or powder coat on the metallic surface, which acts as a barrier between the house surface and chemical compounds.

Anti-corrosion prevents to a high degree for many surfaces, but for some even on a coated steel surface corrosion happens. This phenomenon happens quiet frequently than expected, and thus causes frustration. Some ways to delay this is, use of "sacrificial elements' such as zinc, but it merely delays the inevitable.

The use of anti-corrosion material, means is needed for industries to save large wastage. New research of materials, processes and techniques are commonly coming to light to combat these losses throughout the industry. Some new research, findings has proven improvement in corrosion prevention which is 4 to 6 times better than steel surface coating. A good test of the tolerance is exposing the coatings to extreme corrosive chambers, such as a salt fog chamber.

The science of pharmaceutical engineering takes all its ideas from chemical engineering. It is the science which deals with the production of therapeutic substances, which are used in pharmaceutical industries for manufacture of medicines. And also deals with bringing out these substances commercially.

Pharmaceutical engineers have cross-functional skills, and can apply knowledge in numerous industries. Pharmaceutical engineering has wide applications in biotechnology, food and nutrition industry, biomedical science, dairy farms, agriculture, veterinary science and more. But the main application of pharmaceutical engineering remains for pharmaceutical industry.

The main aim of pharmaceutical engineering is to bridge the gap between engineering and medicine. It uses the principles of engineering and design concepts to medicine and biology for health care purpose. It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with biology and medical sciences to advance health care.

Pharmaceutical engineering has emerged as a field on its own recently, before this it was part of inter-disciplinary specialization among already established fields. It mainly deals with research and development, mainly involved with development of pharmaceutical products. It is considered to be either a sub-discipline of biomedical engineering or chemical engineering but it can be best said to be a hybrid of the two.

Substantial knowledge of bio-medical engineering is needed, not only to develop pharmaceutical products which use biological products or materials but also for chemical drugs due to physiological interactions inherent to such products' usage. As the concept of "combination products" is becoming popular, the line between health care products such as drugs, biologics and other devices.

The main idea of pharmaceutical engineering is research for new drugs, which are constantly needed for viruses, diseases that are cropping up. Hence pharmaceutical engineers are always doing research to combat such hazards. They also work on designing safer environment for health care needs. The required infrastructure needed for development of pharmaceutical drugs is also provided by this discipline.

New invention and research in pharmaceutical engineering is needed for the health hazards that mankind is facing. Pharmaceutical engineering combined with biology and medical science can come up with new, effective ideas, research to fight against deadly diseases. There should be synergy between the two, to work together and come up with good research. The scope of pharmaceutical engineering is in varied fields, and is expanding with growth in peripheral industries. The best brain with the right techniques can bring a revolution.

Today' work environment is totally dependent on computers, and computer applications. Information Technology or IT mainly deals with computer applications, consistently developing and upgrading applications for project management and other requirement.

The IT sector which was unheard of until before two decades has created a stir in mainly services and some other industries. All major industries banking, hospitality, health care, education use IT systems for managing, processing, and retrieving information. IT promotes computing technology, from installing application to developing databases.

The advancement in IT has led to automated administrative systems, production and manipulation of sensitive information, communication and cultural development, and streamlining of business processes and upgrades in timely manner. The IT revolution has been advantageous in a number of ways; first and foremost is Globalization - that has happened because of automated systems which has connected the world breaking all linguistic and cultural barriers. Communication has become cheaper and faster, round the clock backed by security has given it new meaning.

Due to the advent of IT, businesses have become more internet based, computerized increasing productivity and profitability. It has made business processes more streamlined, and enabled global business practices 24x7 from remote locations. Effective communication has been another major advantage of IT, which is vital for any business. It has provided tools such as email, SMS, video conferencing and other communication medium for effective and efficient communication. This helps to connect like-minded people, to make stronger ties.

Storing and protecting information with a low cost option has been enabled by IT. Virtual vaults and other security systems not only stores data but also controls access to this information to protect from hacking and getting wiped off. One of the greatest advantages of IT has been creation of jobs in very large numbers; for software, hardware developers, compute programmers, web designers, system analyst and many more. IT has specifically contributed to surge of economy, especially some Third world countries.

IT has automated almost every sphere of our life, the combination of Internet and IT has penetrated our lives deeply and become a necessity. Be it for business, leisure, or any other aspect of life, IT has become part of our live through the use of computers, cellphones, and other electronic gadgets. Let us hope, IT benefits the future generation as much it has benefited ours.

The undergraduate program in IT at MITAOE, Pune is an ace program combined with knowledge of computer science, electronics and electrical engineering. The curriculum is industry centric, which focuses on imparting not only theoretical knowledge but also an environment for research for intellectual development. The department has a qualified staff, ho along with their expertise and experience to create excellent technocrats and human beings. The department also forms FACE IT community, to conduct a number of Personality Development Programs, Aptitude and technical tests and other cultural activities for students. http://mitaoe.ac.in/index.php/b-e-information-technology-engineering.html

The department also has signed up MOU with some big IT giants, such as Infosys Technologies, L&T Infotech, IBM, and Mphasis to enhance the quality of technical education, and enhancing the quality of education imparted to students of all engineering discipline. The curriculum also focuses on core subjects such as OS, DBMS, Software engineering etc. and application oriented applications such as mobility, software testing.

As with any technology, IT has some flaws also. Although it allows businesses to be conducted at a faster pace, IT systems are vulnerable to security breaches when they are accessible though the internet. If appropriate steps are not taken, it can let unauthorized personnel access to confidential data.

With rapid urbanization, growth in various sectors has led to influx of population from rural areas to urban areas and thus reckless construction. The growth, development of every major city in the country has segregated them as Tier 1, Tier 2 or other levels, and has led to construction of infrastructure for commercial or residential purpose.

Is all the construction that we see around planned, properly designed? Yes, it is a full-fledged discipline, the science of Construction engineering which deals with the design, planning, construction and management of infrastructure such as buildings, bridges, highways, railroads etc. The construction, management of this nature is carried out by construction engineers that are cross between civil engineers and construction managers, to learn the design aspect as well as the construction site management.

Though construction engineers are trained for construction and management of infrastructure, they usually focus on one type of projects such as buildings, highways, mechanical and electrical projects. Construction engineers that work on building projects usually focus on commercial building construction such as residential buildings or commercial purpose buildings. Construction engineers which work on highway projects mange highways, bridges, airports, water and waste treatment plants. The site can be remote location, and involves excavation and groundwork so the curriculum emphasizes on geology and soil mechanics.

Construction engineers that work on mechanical projects, manage the installation of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and plumbing systems. Mechanical projects on buildings are small projects itself, for which mechanical contractors do their own design. Construction engineers that work on electrical systems manage those systems, includes courses for circuits for electrical engineers and also the construction side of the business.

Construction engineers have to work with immense responsibility, concentration as the structures, systems may directly be related to public safety. The work of a construction engineer includes planning of new projects, to organize workforce, setting schedules and considering safety issues. The work may also involve financial planning, working with subcontractors and client on an ongoing basis. As experience in the field increases, a construction engineer may move up and only manage projects, and have subordinates overseeing projects closely. In the long run, construction engineers may also have their own construction firms.

Though construction engineering is a full-fledged discipline, in our country it is not widely recognized as a separate discipline. It is mostly civil engineers who perform as construction engineers, though they are not trained for the management aspect of site construction. It is widely accepted, Construction or making of buildings for any purpose realizes the goals and dreams of the society. The entire environment that we see around us; highways, bridges, buildings etc. is the result of construction. Construction engineers, who undertake these projects, deliver quality projects that maximize value in terms of safety and cost factor. Construction is one of the most visible products of all engineering discipline.

In our country, the discipline of civil and construction engineering are one. There is no clear distinction and civil engineers work as construction engineers. The range of application of construction engineering is one of the broadest and most visible. The entire framework of infrastructure which we see around is creation of construction engineers. The construction engineers have the vision, capability to create structures, buildings such as highways, dams, inland waterways, and industrial plants which can create jobs and help in economic growth.

The creation of construction engineers can be felt everywhere; either in urban areas, rural or countryside. The nature of the job makes it an evergreen career prospect for open-minded individuals. There are immense career opportunities both in private, and public sector in this discipline.

Data processing as the name suggests, is putting together and manipulating data to produce meaningful information. The term is more used for business or commercial organization, to refer to some class of data processing applications. The right combination of data processing is specific to each business, and establishing the right mix is essential. Both automated and manual data processing has its pros and cons and which need to be taken care duly. As the name suggests, manual data processing is the traditional method which make use of pen, paper, chalk requires human effort for recording, sorting, and processing of data which can be boring, tedious, time consuming and more chances of human error.

And automated processing of data is use of electronic systems, programs in which data is fed and retrieved after being processed. Some of the examples of automated data systems are recognition technology and manual data processing. The accuracy of automated systems have been questioned since the technology was first introduced, the performance of a system is determined by information which is 100% correctly processed at a specified amount of time. Manual keying, is also not error-proof and hence the baseline of comparison.

Recognition technology does not face problems of human factor, but the performance depends on issues, such as application, quality of images etc. It is important to understand the application and its limitations for best results. Optimal Character recognition, and intelligent character recognition are for high levels of accuracy when working with texts such as boxes, lines and combs. A high quality machine print can give nearly 99.9% accuracy which is high enough to be used without additional controls. But the level of accuracy can differ with machine font.

Although manual data processing has been in use for millennia, the term has been used more since the 1950s. For example, book keeping for an organization involves report making such as balance sheets and cash flow management, and posting transactions. The methods which were completely manual were augmented with the use of mechanical or electronic devices. The person which performed functions of calculation manually or by using a device was called "computer".

Because manual data processing was tedious, required much longer duration of time for processing complex data automatic data processing evolved. The term automatic data processing was used for operations, which were performed by means of unit record equipment that used applications such as Herman Hollerith's application for punch card which was used in the 1890 United States Census. Computerized or electronics data processing further represents evolution, in which the computer replaced several pieces of equipment.

The term "data processing" is subsumed in the new usage of Information Technology instead. In the new context, data processing refers to use of older technologies and a negative connotation is associated with the same. In commercial data processing, the volume of data is large with less computation operations and large volume of output. In science and engineering, data processing and Information processing are too broad to be used, the term "data analysis" is used instead. Data analysis makes use of accurate algorithms and statistical calculations which are not observed in typical business environments.

Of all the advantages of automated data processing over manual is, it can process and forms and documents quickly and efficiently. The software recognizes the characters on the form, which can be transferred to electronic format. The accuracy of automated systems ensures, data is rightly extracted and used in the correct field. This helps employees, use their competencies in other capacities instead pore over forms for repetitive data entry.

The miniaturization of microchips refers to number of transistors in microchips; which were in tens, hundreds, thousands, and hundreds of thousands meant as small scale integration, medium scale integration, large scale integration and very large scale integration (VLSI) in that order. It is the process to create very large integrated circuits using thousands of transistors on a single chip.

VLSI has been in use since the 1970s, that's when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were developed. Nearly all modern chips use VLSI architecture, or Ultra large scale integration (ULSI). The first semiconductor chips used single transistor, and as advancement happened more transistors were added which led to more individual functions or systems integrated over time.

The way, integration of chips, circuits, systems happened is interesting. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes, followed by discrete semiconductor devices, and then integrated circuits. The first small scale integration had a few transistors on a single chip- diodes, transistors, resistors; which made it possible to create one or more logic gates on a single chip. The next generation was Large Scale Integration, which were systems with few thousand logic gates. This was followed by, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) which is used in most modern systems with thousands of logic gates on a single chip. But the current systems have even moved beyond, and today's microprocessors have millions of gates and hundreds of millions of individual transistors.

The effort to name, and calibrate various level of system integration beyond VLSI is moot. The usage of the term VLSI is also quaint, considering all current systems; semiconductor devices have VLSO or better. Until a few years ago, the use of semiconductor devices using a billion transistors was not economically feasible but achievable in a laboratory setting and is clearly on the rise. With the rise in use of electronic equipment phenomenally, VLSI are the building block for information, communication, computer, automobile etc. and has become a basis of social life.

The use of electronic products has penetrated our lives so deeply, that we depend on them without being conscious of their presence. So much is the nature of invisible pervasiveness of electronics, however if there is a problem in the large integration, if happens by accident or intention can cause serious social damage. From the time the transistor has been invented, the aim has been miniaturization, integration on a very large scale and functionality. With focus on miniaturization, other problems have come forth which is variation in statistics in device characteristics, which is a serious limitation of semiconductors.

Other limitation of VLSI technology is circuit operation error which is caused by cosmic rays. Human error integration of circuits, manufacturing and testing can be other source of error. Human aggression can cause security threat, chances of error when combining chips which worked well individually but not together when connected to a system; to add to this production problems may shoot up on adding the number of steps.

The need of the hour is security, reliability issue of large integrated systems than focus on high performance information systems, which is gaining wide acceptance. The approach should be multi-disciplinary to establish a fundamental technology which can guarantee security, reliability of large integrated systems and researches of physical and human error can be combined. Other than aspects of performance, packaging, technology, and power - saving required developing very large scale integration; other aspects of life cycle of semiconductors such as planning, design, manufacturing, testing, distribution, operation, discard of very large integrated scale integration. To crates systems which are high on reliability, it is important to create open systems which can adapt to environmental changes.

The products of engineering have been in existence since antiquity, and undoubtedly began as tools for necessity for dwelling and other everyday needs. The progress in engineering products has been leaps and bound since then, from nano-scale machines to soaring high rise buildings. The most challenging and creative examples of these efforts are aerospace structures, thundering rockets etc.

The study of understanding structural analysis of engineering products has been an important area for the last 3 centuries, and some greatest of minds have contributed in this effort. The earliest contributions were made by Newton in the 17th century, but fundamental contributions have been made in the 20th century also. In today's times, structural analysis is a mature field with established principles, and tools for analysis and design.

Structural analysis has a wide application in mechanical and electrical engineering than in aerospace in last 3 decades. The part of structural analysis in mechanical engineering, deals with examining the reasons for failure of objects and fix objects which fail to perform. Structural failures for mechanical objects happen as static failure, and fatigue failure. The static structural failure is related; when a force being applied the object which is analyzed either breaks down or gets deformed depending on the criterion which is set for failure.

The fatigue structural failure on the other hand is, when an object fails after a number of loading, unloading cycles. The reasons for imperfections could be a few; such as imperfections in design of objects, minute such as a microscopic crack on the surface, which grows slightly with each until it becomes large enough to cause ultimate failure. Failure in context to structural analysis is not defined when a component breaks, but when a component fails to work as it is intended to. For example, top sections of perforated plastic bags are designed to break, but if the systems can withstand load failure analysis might be deployed to determine the cause.

Structural analysis in mechanical engineering is used by engineers to identify the cause of failure after it has occurred, or to prevent having a failure. Experts use online demo, books and documents published by ASM as aid to determine the possible causes of failure. Structural analysis is used in office in design of parts, in areas of analyzing failed parts, and in science laboratories where components may undergo controlled failure tests.

MITAOE, a premier technology institute from MAEER is one of the most trusted, and respected centre for education in the region. The mission of the institute is to impart value based quality education which is the key to success. The educational program offered at the institute covers a wide range of engineering disciplines such as electrical, mechanical, electronics, information technology to name a few. In the last two decades, the institute has emerged as a premier centre for education of national and international repute. Visit http://mitaoe.ac.in/ and all more. The institute is constantly engaged in inspiring and motivating students for challenges in the corporate world.